Tile yields:
Arid: 0 food
Moist: 1 food
Rainy: 2 food
Flat: 0 minerals
Rolling: 1 mineral
Rocky: 1 mineral and 0 food
Forest overrides those with a base yield of 1-2-1
Base center square overrides with a base yield of 2-1-1
River: +1 energy, applies to everything, including base squares and forests and monoliths
Tile yield bonuses: 2 of the appropriate type, also applies to everything
Before certain techs, yields are capped at 2 of each type per square. The game shows a black outline around the 2 if you're losing resources to this cap. A tile bonus removes that cap for that tile. So does the center square of a base.
Farm: +1 food
Mine: -1 food and +1 mineral, except on a rocky tile where a mine gives +2 minerals and a road another +1 (total of 4)
Solar collector: +1 energy and +1 more per 1000m of elevation (highest is 4 total)
Condensor: x1.5 to food and increase raininess in its own and adjacent tiles
Borehole: 0 food, 6 minerals, 6 energy
Echelon Mirror: +1 energy to all adjacent solar collectors, plus the yield of a solar collector itself
Monument: 2-2-2, and yes they are only created by pods (besides one natural landmark), so with pod scattering off there won't be any.
A farm can stack with anything except forest. Forest can't stack with anything except sensors. Other improvements are mutually exclusive with each other, including sensors.
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On the modifiers from improvements, the in-game datalinks are mostly pretty good about stating the numbers (go into the datalinks screen, not just the select-city-build window.) A few things are missing, notably the tile restriction lifting - that isn't listed in the datalinks, the only place you see it is the popup when you're selecting your next tech. The best info online is the wiki here:
http://alphacentauri2.info/wiki
Most territory for Santiago just means she's got a big landmass without coast and neighbors to interrupt her border. One base controls territory out to 8 tiles (not like Civ 3+ with culture radius of 2-3) so it's really just a measure of continent size. The AI isn't good at turning a big continent into productive bases unless it's the monsoon jungle.
Mind worms can eat terrain improvements? I actually didn't know or had forgotten that one, except obviously for an eco-damage fungal bloom.
The quotes for some facilities and techs may sound disturbing... but over time I've come to realize that Yang is basically right about everything.